BANKS IN NEED OF REFORM-

Economists are concerned that recent reform will not be enough to prevent the need for more bailouts.  In recent months, regulators around the world have taken steps to ensure that banks will be able to weather tough times. New international rules will require big global banks to hold more equity to protect their depositors and other creditors. In the U.S., lawmakers have adopted measures intended to mitigate risk at big banks and keep close tabs on potential threats throughout the financial system.

Over the past few days, though, economists here offered many reasons why the recent banking reforms fall short. Among their concerns: The new capital requirements aren't tough or simple enough, there is too much uncertainty about how governments will deal with distress at the biggest lenders. It seems that there has been little done to prevent the kind of crisis that could occur if trouble broke out at many smaller institutions, such as hedge funds.

Recent history suggests that a capital requirement of 7% won't be enough to fend off bailouts. Many banks that required government support during the latest crisis, including the Citigroup and Royal Bank of Scotland, whom both had capital levels exceeding 7% just before trouble hit in the third quarter of 2007.

Another issue is banks' excessive reliance on short-term borrowing to finance their activities. Tougher rules could push more financial activity away from banks into other areas that don't face the same regulations. The so-called shadow banking sector, which includes everything from hedge funds to derivative markets, already plays a larger role in credit markets than traditional banking.

New financial rules in the U.S. provide regulators with more power to oversee the shadow banking sector, and shed light on it by creating incentives to shift more derivatives trades into places where they can be monitored. But regulators have yet to work out exactly how they will identify dangerous situations in which many players have become exposed to similar risks.

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